Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading global cause of mortality. SCD often arises from cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, pathologic sequence variants within ion channel genes, or a combination of the two. Alternative approaches are needed to prevent or ameliorate ventricular arrhythmias linked to SCD. Here, we investigated the efficacy of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) of the limb versus the liver in reducing ventricular arrhythmias in a mouse model of SCD. Mice lacking the Kcne2 gene, which encodes a potassium channel β subunit associated with acquired Long QT syndrome were exposed to IR injury via coronary ligation. This resulted in ventricular arrhythmias in all mice (15/15) and SCD in 5/15 mice during reperfusion. Strikingly, prior RIPC (limb or liver) greatly reduced the incidence and severity of all ventricular arrhythmias and completely prevented SCD. Biochemical and pharmacological analysis demonstrated that RIPC cardioprotection required ERK1/2 and/or AKT phosphorylation. A lack of alteration in GSK-3β phosphorylation suggested against conventional reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) signaling pathway protection. If replicated in human studies, limb RIPC could represent a noninvasive, nonpharmacological approach to limit dangerous ventricular arrhythmias associated with ischemia and/or channelopathy-linked SCD.