Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the COVID-19 outbreaks, is transmitted by respiratory droplets and has become a life-threatening viral pandemic worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different chemical (chlorine dioxide [ClO(2)] and peroxyacetic acid [PAA]) and physical (ultraviolet [UV]-C irradiation) inactivation methods on various food-contact surfaces (stainless steel [SS] and polypropylene [PP]) and foods (lettuce, chicken breast, and salmon) contaminated with human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). Treatments with the maximum concentration of ClO(2) (500 ppm) and PAA (200 ppm) for 5 min achieved >99.9% inactivation on SS and PP. At 200 ppm ClO(2) for 1 min on lettuce, chicken breast, and salmon, the HCoV-229E titers were 1.19, 3.54, and 3.97 log(10) TCID(50)/mL, respectively. Exposure (5 min) to 80 ppm PAA achieved 1.68 log(10) reduction on lettuce, and 2.03 and 1.43 log(10) reductions on chicken breast and salmon, respectively, treated with 1500 ppm PAA. In the carrier tests, HCoV-229E titers on food-contact surfaces were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with increased doses of UV-C (0-60 mJ/cm(2)) and not detected at the maximum UV-C dose (Detection limit: 1.0 log(10) TCID(50)/coupon). The UV-C dose of 900 mJ/cm(2) proved more effective on chicken breast (>2 log(10) reduction) than on lettuce and salmon (>1 log(10) reduction). However, there were no quality changes (p > 0.05) in food samples after inactivation treatments except the maximum PAA concentration (5 min) and the UV-C dose (1800 mJ/cm(2)).