Abstract
It is well known that many bacteria can survive in a growth-arrested state for long periods of time, on the order of months or even years, without forming dormant structures like spores or cysts. How is such longevity possible? What is the molecular basis of such longevity? Here we used the Gram-negative phototrophic alphaproteobacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris to identify molecular determinants of bacterial longevity. R. palustris maintained viability for over a month after growth arrest due to nutrient depletion when it was provided with light as a source of energy. In transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) experiments, we identified 117 genes that were required for long-term viability of nongrowing R. palustris cells. Genes in this longevity gene set are annotated to play roles in a number of cellular processes, including DNA repair, tRNA modification, and the fidelity of protein synthesis. These genes are critically important only when cells are not growing. Three genes annotated to affect translation or posttranslational modifications were validated as bona fide longevity genes by mutagenesis and complementation experiments. These genes and others in the longevity gene set are broadly conserved in bacteria. This raises the possibility that it will be possible to define a core set of longevity genes common to many bacterial species.IMPORTANCE Bacteria in nature and during infections often exist in a nongrowing quiescent state. However, it has been difficult to define experimentally the molecular characteristics of this crucial element of the bacterial life cycle because bacteria that are not growing tend to die under laboratory conditions. Here we present and validate the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris as a model system for identification of genes required for the longevity of nongrowing bacteria. Growth-arrested R. palustris maintained almost full viability for weeks using light as an energy source. Such cells were subjected to large-scale mutagenesis to identify genes required for this striking longevity trait. The results define conserved determinants of survival under nongrowing conditions and create a foundation for more extensive studies to elucidate general molecular mechanisms of bacterial longevity.