Abstract
The investigation delves into biological interactions of CuO-NPs throughout study focusing on their synthetic structure together with their functional characteristics and their dangerous nature. The production of CuO-NPs happened when copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate underwent a chemical reduction process with D-glucose under NaOH conditions to stabilize pH levels. Structural and chemical evaluations used SEM, XRD and FTIR as their analytical techniques. Male albino mice received 15 mg/kg (low dose, NPS-L) and 30 mg/kg (high dose, NPS-H) for 28 days, through which researchers evaluated toxicological effects. The investigators measured blood cell counts together with serum lipids, liver and kidney enzyme assays. Significant dose-oriented toxic behavior of CuO-NPs led to substantial variations in WBCs, RBCs, and hemoglobin, along with organ function test results. The microscopic evaluation of high-dose groups showed necrosis together with glomerular destruction and inflammatory findings. Male albino mouse exposure to low and high doses for 28 days decreased both catalase and superoxide dismutase activity levels. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that CuO-NPs exhibited moderate solubility together with small blood-brain barrier permeability and minimal metabolic enzyme disruption, thus indicating limited circulation and avoidance of neurotoxicity. Toxicity screenings demonstrated that substance produced negligible harm to liver tissues and hearts and had low toxicity for aquatic life while showing minimal impact on endocrine system. While CuO-NPs present opportunities in biomedical sector research, they prove toxic at different dosage levels and require additional research for safe medical deployment. Research shows that CuO-NPs require thorough preclinical evaluation regarding their biological accessibility and safety standards before biomedical and environmental applications can be employed.