Abstract
Chromosome dosage has substantial effects on reproductive isolation and speciation in both plants and animals, but the underlying mechanisms are largely obscure (1) . Transposable elements in animals can regulate hybridity through maternal small RNA (2) , whereas small RNAs in plants have been postulated to regulate dosage response via neighboring imprinted genes(3,4). Here we show that a highly conserved microRNA in plants, miR845, targets the tRNA(Met) primer-binding site (PBS) of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in Arabidopsis pollen, and triggers the accumulation of 21-22-nucleotide (nt) small RNAs in a dose-dependent fashion via RNA polymerase IV. We show that these epigenetically activated small interfering RNAs (easiRNAs) mediate hybridization barriers between diploid seed parents and tetraploid pollen parents (the 'triploid block'), and that natural variation for miR845 may account for 'endosperm balance' allowing the formation of triploid seeds. Targeting of the PBS with small RNA is a common mechanism for transposon control in mammals and plants, and provides a uniquely sensitive means to monitor chromosome dosage and imprinting in the developing seed.