Abstract
We have found that the ketogenic (Keto) diet is able to, unexpectedly, promote the metastatic potential of cancer cells in complementary mouse models. Notably, the Keto diet-induced tumor metastasis is dependent on BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (BACH1) and its up-regulation of pro-metastatic targets, including cell migration-inducing hyaluronidase 1, in response to the Keto diet. By contrast, upon genetic knockout or pharmacological inhibition of endogenous BACH1, the Keto diet-mediated activation of those targets is largely diminished, and the effects on tumor metastasis are completely abolished. Mechanistically, upon administration of the Keto diet, the levels of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) are markedly induced. Through direct interaction with BACH1, ATF4 is recruited to those pro-metastatic target promoters and enhances BACH1-mediated transcriptional activation. Together, these data implicate a distinct transcription regulatory program of BACH1 for tumor metastasis induced by the Keto diet. Our study also raises a potential health risk of the Keto diet in human patients with cancer.