Abstract
Transgenic Crambe abyssinica lines overexpressing γ-ECS significantly enhance tolerance to and accumulation of toxic metal(loid)s, improving phytoremediation potential and offering an effective solution for contaminated soil management. Phytoremediation is an attractive environmental-friendly technology to remove metal(loid)s from contaminated soils and water. However, tolerance to toxic metals in plants is a critical limiting factor. Transgenic Crambe abyssinica lines were developed that overexpress the bacterial γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) gene to increase the levels of non-protein thiol peptides such as γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), glutathione (GSH), and phytochelatins (PCs) that mediate metal(loid)s detoxification. The present study investigated the effect of γ-ECS overexpression on the tolerance to and accumulation of toxic As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr supplied individually or as a mixture of metals. Compared to wild-type plants, γ-ECS transgenics (γ-ECS1-8 and γ-ECS16-5) exhibited a significantly higher capacity to tolerate and accumulate these elements in aboveground tissues, i.e., 76-154% As, 200-254% Cd, 37-48% Hg, 26-69% Pb, and 39-46% Cr, when supplied individually. This is attributable to enhanced production of GSH (82-159% and 75-87%) and PC2 (27-33% and 37-65%) as compared to WT plants under AsV and Cd exposure, respectively. The levels of Cys and γ-EC were also increased by 56-67% and 450-794% in the overexpression lines compared to WT plants under non-stress conditions, respectively. This likely enhanced the metabolic pathway associated with GSH biosynthesis, leading to the ultimate synthesis of PCs, which detoxify toxic metal(loid)s through chelation. These findings demonstrate that γ-ECS overexpressing Crambe lines can be used for the enhanced phytoremediation of toxic metals and metalloids from contaminated soils.