Abstract
Childhood exposure to social disadvantage is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders and poor developmental, educational, and occupational outcomes, presumably because adverse exposures alter the neurodevelopmental processes that contribute to risk trajectories. Yet, given the limited social mobility in the United States and other countries, childhood social disadvantage is frequently preceded by maternal social disadvantage during pregnancy, potentially altering fetal brain development during a period of high neuroplasticity through hormonal, microbiome, epigenetic, and immune factors that cross the placenta and fetal blood-brain barrier. The current study examines prenatal social disadvantage to determine whether these exposures in utero are associated with alterations in functional brain networks as early as birth. As part of the Early Life Adversity and Biological Embedding study, mothers were recruited during pregnancy, prenatal social disadvantage was assessed across trimesters, and their healthy, full-term offspring were imaged using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging during the first weeks of life. Multivariate machine learning methods revealed that neonatal functional connectivity (FC) varied as a function of prenatal exposure to social disadvantage (n = 261, R = 0.43, R(2) = 0.18), with validation in an independent sample. Alterations in FC associated with prenatal social disadvantage occurred brain-wide and were most pronounced in association networks (fronto-parietal, ventral attention, dorsal attention) and the somatomotor network. Amygdala FC was altered at birth, with a pattern shared across subcortical structures. These findings provide critical insights into how early in development functional networks begin to diverge in the context of social disadvantage and elucidate the functional networks that are most impacted.