Abstract
Optimizing planting density is crucial for balancing resource competition, light penetration, and tree productivity in orchard systems. This study investigateed the impact of planting density on the yield and fruit quality of the hazelnut cultivar 'Tonda Francescana(®)' grafted onto Corylus colurna L. rootstocks. The research aimed to assess how different planting densities influenced light penetration, canopy volume, yield, and the nutritional profile of hazelnuts during their sixth growing season. Three planting densities were tested: 625, 1250, and 2500 trees per hectare (low, medium, and high density, respectively). The results show that medium-density planting provided the best balance between light availability, canopy development, and yield efficiency. The synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) was more prominent in the medium-density system (80.2% and 10.3%, respectively), suggesting a favorable metabolic response to moderate competition for resources. In contrast, high-density planting yielded the most per hectare (2898 kg/ha) but exhibited lower individual tree productivity (1.16 kg). Low-density planting had the highest light penetration (53%) but lower overall yield (822 kg/ha) and quality, with greater starch accumulation in the fruit. In general, medium-density planting optimized both yield and kernel quality, with potential implications for orchard management and breeding strategies to enhance hazelnut production and nutritional value.