Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are simple and robust biomimics with controlled lipid composition that are widely used as models of both mammalian and bacterial membranes. However, the lipids typically used for SLB formation poorly resemble those of bacterial cell membranes due to the lack of available protocols to form SLBs using mixtures of lipids relevant for bacteria such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Although a few reports have been published recently on the formation of SLBs from Escherichia coli lipid extracts, a detailed understanding of these systems is challenging due to the complexity of the lipid composition in such natural extracts. Here, we present for the first time a simple and reliable protocol optimized to form high-quality SLBs using mixtures of PE and PG at compositions relevant for Gram-negative membranes. We show using neutron reflection and quartz microbalance not only that Ca2+ ions and temperature are key parameters for successful bilayer deposition but also that mass transfer to the surface is a limiting factor. Continuous flow of the lipid suspension is thus crucial for obtaining full SLB coverage. We furthermore characterize the resulting bilayers and report structural parameters, for the first time for PE and PG mixtures, which are in good agreement with those reported earlier for pure POPE vesicles. With this protocol in place, more suitable and reproducible studies can be conducted to understand biomolecular processes occurring at cell membranes, for example, for testing specificities and to unravel the mechanism of interaction of antimicrobial peptides.