Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has highlighted the fragility of our therapeutic arsenal against human coronaviruses and the urgent need to develop new antivirals. They should exhibit broad-spectrum activity to address future pandemics and target alternative viral proteins to mitigate resistance. We have previously identified a hit compound based on a 2-phenylquinoline scaffold that is able to hinder SARS-CoV-2 replication through nonstructural protein 13 (nsp13) helicase inhibition. Here we reported a SAR study that led to identify new analogs such as 2-(4-butoxyphenyl)-4-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethoxy]-5,7-dimethoxyquinoline (14) and 4-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethoxy]-2-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinoline (15), which exhibited a good antiviral profile (EC(50) = 8.06 and 9.11 µM) coupled with a low micromolar inhibition of nsp13 helicase. Time-of-addition assays and binding analyses confirmed helicase as their primary target, while kinetic studies revealed ATP-competitive inhibition. The butoxy derivative 14 also inhibited HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 replication, indicating broad-spectrum potential. The safety of the compounds was validated in bronchial epithelium cells BEAS-2B cells and H9c2 cardiac cells, where they did not affect cell viability or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Finally, preliminary ADME studies on 15 showed a positive profile in terms of membrane permeability and metabolic stability in plasma and human liver microsomes. This SAR study, along with mechanistic exploration, paves the way for further optimization of 2-phenylquinoline-based compounds.