Abstract
Cytochrome bc(1) inhibitors have been broadly studied as human and veterinary medicines and agricultural fungicides. For the most part, cytochrome bc(1) inhibitors compete with ubiquinol at the ubiquinol oxidation (Qo) site or with ubiquinone at the quinone reduction (Qi) site. 4(1 H)-Quinolones with 3-position substituents may inhibit either site based on quinolone ring substituents. 4(1 H)-Quinolones that inhibit the Qi site are highly effective against toxoplasmosis, malaria, and babesiosis and do not inhibit human cytochrome bc(1). We tested a series of 4(1 H)-Quinolones against wild-type and drug resistant strains of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. These experiments identified very potent compounds that inhibit T. gondii proliferation at picomolar concentrations. The most potent compounds target the Qo site, and for these compounds, an alkyl side chain confers potency against T. gondii greater than that of bulkier side chains. Our experiments also show that substituents on the quinolone ring influenced selectivity between T. gondii and P. falciparum and between Qo and Qi site-mediated activity. Comparison of the parasite cytochrome b sequences identified amino acids that are associated with drug resistance in P. falciparum that exist naturally in wild-type T. gondii. These underlying differences may influence drug susceptibility. Finally, a Qo site active 4(1 H)-quinolone-3-diarylether tested in a murine model of toxoplasmosis was superior to atovaquone, resulting in survival from Type I strain T. gondii infection. These experiments identify highly effective compounds for toxoplasmosis and provide valuable insight into the structure-activity relationship of cytochrome bc(1) inhibitors.